Sustainable Structural Design and Retrofitting
Tecniche di progettazione e rinforzo strutturale sostenibili
Teachers: Pietro Meriggi
A new approach towards construction engineering is based on the sustainable use of resources, including land use, energy consumption and gas emissions for material production, and disposal of waste materials. Additionally, the aging of the building stock is increasing the costs for its maintenance and repair, which are required for enhancing its safety level and protecting human lives. Innovative technologies are nowadays available that can ensure a better durability of new constructions and improve the capacity of existing ones. The civil engineer needs the skills for the design and application of these technologies in the field.
The course deals with the fundamental issues of construction sustainability with reference to both design new structures and rehabilitation of built heritage. The principles of structural safety and sustainability and of life-cycle assessment are introduced. The first part of the course will provide the students with the basic principles of the design of new concrete structures with FRP rebars, fibre-reinforced, self-healing and 3S concrete, and built in concrete with recycled aggregates. The second part will provide an overview of the most advanced strategies for the sustainable management of existing structures. The technologies and the criteria for design and assessment of rehabilitation with innovative materials will be illustrated, including externally bonded FRCM composites, NSM composites and fibre-reinforced mortars.
PROGRAMME
TOPIC 1 – DESIGN: SUSTAINABILITY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Part 1 – SUSTAINABILITY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
- Introduction sustainability in Civil Engineering
- The Triple Bottom Line: Environmental, social and economic pillars
- Brief introduction
- Economic Pillar
- Social Pillar
- Environmental pillar
- Ecological footprint
- Planet Boundary
- Life cycle assessment
- Sustainable strategies
- Recycled content
- Local sourcing and local manufacturing
- Durability and reduced maintenance
- Design for adaptability and deconstruction
- Reuse of buildings, structural components, and non-building structures
- Structural Materials and Toxicity
- Life cycle assessment (in brief)
Part 2 – LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)
- Theory
- Applications
- Exercises
Part 3 – SUSTAINABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS
- Materials introduction
- Masonry
- Steel
- Wood
- Natural building materials and systems
- Concrete
TOPIC 2 – DESIGN: SUSTAINABILITY/DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
Part 1 – CONCRETE MATERIAL
- Concrete: basic theory on composition, mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete, classification
- Steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete
Part 2 – SUSTAINABILITY OF CONCRETE
- The sustainability benefits of concrete structures
- Durability and maintenance: general concepts
Part 3 – DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
- Deterioration and durability of reinforced concrete structures
- Degradation phenomena and mechanisms
- Design strategies for durability (part 1): Exposure classes, concrete cover design
- Design strategies for durability (part 2): Mix design of concrete
- Inspection, diagnosis and restoration of concrete structures
Part 4 – NEW STRATEGIES FOR CONCRETE DURABILITY
- Coatings and waterproofing, corrosion inhibitors
- Coated steel, stainless steel and FRP reinforcement
- Special concretes:
- (Ultra) High performance concrete (HPC/UHPC)
- Geopolymer concrete
- Fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC)
- Underwater concretes (beSub)
- 3-SC concretes (3-self concrete)
- Self-repairing/self-healing concretes
- Digital concrete (3D printed concrete)
- Concrete structures reinforced with FRP rebars
TOPIC 3 – RETROFITTING: SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE BUILT HERITAGE
Part 1 – FABRIC REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS MATRIX (FRCM) COMPOSITES
- History
- Brief application examples
- Constituent materials
- Mechanical properties
- Acceptance criteria
Part 2 – FRCM-STRENGTHENED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
- Design of flexural and shear FRCM reinforcement
EXAM MODALITY
To pass the examination, it is necessary to:
- Carry out a brief thesis on a specific topic decided with the lecturer
- Take an oral examination in which the thesis and theoretical-and-design topics covered during the course are discussed
TEACHING MATERIAL AND REFERENCES
Books
SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Sustainability
- Fundamentals of Sustainability in Civil Engineering – A. Braham
- Life Cycle Assessment in the Built Environment – R.H. Crawford
- Environmental Life Cycle Assessment -Taylor & Francis Group, 2016
- Sustainable Construction Techniques – Detail Green Books, 2015
SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Sustainability/Durability of Concrete
- Teoria e Tecnica delle Costruzioni Civili – R. Giannini, CittàStudi, 2011
- Il restauro dell’architettura moderna in cemento armato – L. Coppola, A. Buoso, Hoepli, 2015
- Materiali per l’edilizia: Una guida ai materiali strutturali, ausiliari e di rivestimento – G. Frigione, N. Mairo, Hoepli, 2010
- La durabilità del calcestruzzo armato – P. Pedeferri, L. Bertolini, McGraw-Hill, 2000
- Reinforced concrete with FRP bars: mechanics and design – A. Nanni, A. De Luca, H. J. Zadeh, CRC Press, 2014
RETROFITTING
- Consolidamento delle Strutture – M.A. Pisani, S. Cattaneo, T. D’Antino, Hoepli Editore, 2019
Guidelines and reports
SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Sustainability
- Sustainability Guidelines for the Structural Engineer – ASCE, 2010
- Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment – Taylor & Francis, 2012
- Guidelines for Life Cycle Cost Assessment, Stanford University
- A Guide to Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings -The American Institute of Architects, 2010
- Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings: A Practice Guide -The Carbon Leadership, 2019
- The Footprint and Biocapacity Accounting: Methodology Background for State of the States 2015
SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Sustainability/Durability of Concrete
- I vantaggi della sostenibilità delle strutture in calcestruzzo, Federbeton, 2009
- CNR DT203/2006: Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Bars
RETROFITTING
- EAD 340275-00-0104: Externally-bonded composite systems with inorganic matrix for strengthening of concrete and masonry structures
- Linea Guida per la progettazione, l’esecuzione e la manutenzione di interventi di consolidamento strutturale mediante l’utilizzo di sistemi di rinforzo FRCM, CS LL. PP., 2019
- Recommendation of RILEM Technical Committee 250-CSM: Test method for Textile Reinforced Mortar to substrate bond characterization
- AC434: Acceptance criteria for masonry and concrete strengthening using Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) and Steel Reinforced Grout (SRG) composite systems
- ACI 549.4R-13: Guide to Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) Systems for Repair and Strengthening Concrete and Masonry Structures
- ACI 549.6R-20: Guide to Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) and Steel-Reinforced Grout (SRG) Systems for Repair and Strengthening Concrete and Masonry Structures
- CNR DT215/2018: Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Matrix Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures
LESSONS
- Lesson 1: Presentation of the course
- Lesson 2: Sustainability in Civil Engineering – Part 1 (The triple bottom line – Economic and Social Pillars)
- Lesson 3: Sustainability in Civil Engineering – Part 2 (The triple bottom line – Environmental Pillar)
- Lesson 4: Sustainability in Civil Engineering – Part 3 (Sustainable Strategies)
- Lesson 5: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Part 1 (Theory and Fundamentals)
- Lesson 6: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Part 2 (Application to Buildings)
- Lesson 7: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Part 3 (OpenLCA software for practical applications)
- Lesson 8: Sustainability of Building Materials
- Lesson 9: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 1 (Concrete constituent materials)
- Lesson 10: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 2 (Reinforced concrete: properties of concrete and steel reinforcement)
- Lesson 11: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 3 (Sustainability of concrete)
- Lesson 12: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 4 (Durability of reinforced concrete: degradation phenomena and mechanisms)
- Lesson 13: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 5 (Durability of reinforced concrete: design strategies – P1: Exposure classes, concrete cover design)
- Lesson 14: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 6 (Durability of reinforced concrete: design strategies – P2: Concrete Mix Design)
- Lesson 15: Visit to the laboratory of Structural Engineering of Roma Tre University
- Lesson 16: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 6 (Durability of reinforced concrete: design strategies – Exercises: Concrete mix design, concrete cover design)
- Lesson 17: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 7 (Durability of reinforced concrete: Inspection, diagnosis and restoration)
- Lesson 18: New strategies for concrete sustainability – Part 1 (New strategies for concrete durability)
- Lessons 19-20: Review of the ULS design/assessment of RC beams (bending and shear)
- Lesson 21: New strategies for concrete sustainability – Part 2 (FRP-reinforced concrete: materials and ULS design/assessment)
- Lesson 22: ULS design/assessment of concrete beams reinforced with steel rebars (Exercise)
- Lesson 23: ULS design/assessment of concrete beams reinforced with FRP rebars (Exercise)
- Lesson 24: Seminars on: Sea-sand and Sea-water concretes, FRP rebars reinforcement in marine environment
- Lesson 25: Sustainable maintenance of concrete structures: Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix composites – Part 1 (FRCM: systems, mechanical properties, qualification and design)
- Lesson 26: Sustainable maintenance of concrete structures: Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix composites – Part 2 (Design of FRCM-strengthened concrete structures)
- Lesson 27: Sustainable maintenance of concrete structures: Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix composites – Part 3 (Design of FRCM-strengthened concrete structures – Exercises)
CLASSROOM EXERCISES
- Lesson 7: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Part 3 (OpenLCA software for practical applications)
- Lesson 15: Sustainability/durability of concrete – Part 6 (Durability of reinforced concrete: design strategies – Exercises: Concrete mix design, concrete cover design)
- Lesson 22: ULS design/assessment of concrete beams reinforced with steel rebars (Exercise)
- Lesson 23: ULS design/assessment of concrete beams reinforced with FRP rebars (Exercise)
- Lesson 27: Sustainable maintenance of concrete structures: Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix composites – Part 3 (Design of FRCM-strengthened concrete structures – Exercises)